1. Artificial sweeteners are a sugar substance that is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar taste, usually with less food energy.
2. No, it is possible that these artificial sweeteners can change the way we taste food, over stimulation of sugar receptors from frequent use of these hyper-intense sweeteners may limit tolerance for more complex tastes.
3. No, food processors should be allowed to put them in food because they do not give much energy. Also, food labels can say there is zero grams of sugar but there actually could contain a low amount of artificial sweeteners.
4. They are very pervasive, artificial sweeteners are in many foods we eat, even though we may not realize it. Many people try to get on a diet and eat well, but surprisingly many foods. These foods are cereal (like Fiber One), yogurt (like Dannon’s Light and Fit), light or diet beverages (like Ocean Spray on the Go, Crystal Light flavor packs, and "light" juice such as Minute Maid Light Orange Juice Beverage) and in snack bars (like Quaker's Chewy 25% Less Sugar Granola Bars).
Type of artificial sweetener How much sweeter than sugar? Calories per gram Other names? Brand vs. Generic
Cyclamate 30 times 16 Cyclamate, Sodium, Cyclan Generic
Aspartame 160-220 times 4 Equal, Nutra Sweet Brand
Saccharine 200-700 times 0 Necta Sweet, Sugar twin, Sweet N’ Low Brand
Sucralose 600 times 0 Splenda Brand
Stevia 250-300 times 0 Purevia, Sun Crystals, Truvia Brand
Inulin 250 times 4 Fructans Brand
CELLS Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus: Present Absent
Number of chromosomes: More than one One--but not true chromosome: Plasmids
Cell Type: Multi-cellular Unicellular
Examples of cell: Animals and Plants Bacteria and Archaea
Lysosomes Present in animal cells Absent
Peroxisomes: Present Present
Endoplasmic reticulum: Present Absent
Mitochondria: Present Absent
Cytoskeleton: Present Absent
DNA wrapping on proteins: Yes No
Ribosomes: Larger Smaller
Golgi apparatus: Present Absent
Chloroplasts: Present (in plants) Absent; chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm
Flagella: Microscopic in size; complex, consists of multiple microtubules Submicroscopic in size, composed of two protein building blocks
Permeability of Nuclear Membrane: Selective not present
Cell wall: Only in plant cells (chemically simpler) Usually present, chemically complex
Cell size: 10-100 micrometer 1-10 micrometer
Membrane enclosed organelles: Present (ex: Lysosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria & Chloroplasts) Absent
Picture:
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