Anatomy 2 Exam Study Guide
Anatomy Study Guide
Exam 1
Blood
Blood components: know the relative amounts of the components and the functions of each component Formed elements: 1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells): involved in carrying oxygen 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells): involved in immune system - fight off infections 3. Platelets: involved in blood clotting
Plasma: (liquid part of blood – dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, proteins, and fats * 90% water * 7% protein * 3% other
Hematocrit: know an approximate normal value, differences between men & women, effects of changes in Hct on viscosity & flow Hematocrit: the percent of red cells * Normal Hct is about 45% * Men: 45% to 52% / Female: 37% to 48%
Serum vs. Plasma * Serum: plasma with the clotting protein (fibrinogen removed) * These two are essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen
Hemolysis: where does it occur, what are the breakdown products, how are heme and iron transported * Hemolysis: the rupture or destruction of red blood cells * Occurs:
White Blood Cells: know the different types, functions of each type, relative amounts of each type, approx.. normal WBC count, specific implications of abnormal differential WBC counts * Types: 1. Granulocytes a. Neutrophils (65%):
- Most common (abundant) of all WBC
-Elevated in bacterial infections
- Phagocytic (absorbs waste material/foreign objects) b. Eosinophils (3%): * Red stained cytoplasm * Increase in allergic reaction c. Basophils (1%): * Secretes heparin, an anticoagulant * Secretes histamine, a vasodilator 2. Agranulocytes a. Lymphocytes (25%): * Smallest of all WBC * Either B cell, T cell or NK lymphocyte * Specific immunity (recognition of antigens) b. Monocytes (6%): * Largest cell * Called macrophage when outside the bloodstream * Phagocytic * Presents
Exam 1
Blood
Blood components: know the relative amounts of the components and the functions of each component Formed elements: 1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells): involved in carrying oxygen 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells): involved in immune system - fight off infections 3. Platelets: involved in blood clotting
Plasma: (liquid part of blood – dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, proteins, and fats * 90% water * 7% protein * 3% other
Hematocrit: know an approximate normal value, differences between men & women, effects of changes in Hct on viscosity & flow Hematocrit: the percent of red cells * Normal Hct is about 45% * Men: 45% to 52% / Female: 37% to 48%
Serum vs. Plasma * Serum: plasma with the clotting protein (fibrinogen removed) * These two are essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen
Hemolysis: where does it occur, what are the breakdown products, how are heme and iron transported * Hemolysis: the rupture or destruction of red blood cells * Occurs:
White Blood Cells: know the different types, functions of each type, relative amounts of each type, approx.. normal WBC count, specific implications of abnormal differential WBC counts * Types: 1. Granulocytes a. Neutrophils (65%):
- Most common (abundant) of all WBC
-Elevated in bacterial infections
- Phagocytic (absorbs waste material/foreign objects) b. Eosinophils (3%): * Red stained cytoplasm * Increase in allergic reaction c. Basophils (1%): * Secretes heparin, an anticoagulant * Secretes histamine, a vasodilator 2. Agranulocytes a. Lymphocytes (25%): * Smallest of all WBC * Either B cell, T cell or NK lymphocyte * Specific immunity (recognition of antigens) b. Monocytes (6%): * Largest cell * Called macrophage when outside the bloodstream * Phagocytic * Presents